What Is an Average? Mean, Median, Mode & Range in Plain Language
Whenever you hear someone say “on average…”, they’re trying to turn a lot of raw numbers into one simple story.
Averages are the shortcut that help you quickly answer questions like:
“How am I doing in this class?”, “Are my sales improving?” or “What does a typical day look like?”
On this page we’ll walk through the four most useful ideas behind averages – mean, median, mode and range – using human-friendly examples.
You can follow along with your own data in the calculator above, or test things using sample grades, sales or temperatures.
1. Mean: the classic “add everything and divide” average
The arithmetic mean is the standard average you learned in school.
You add all values together and divide by how many there are. The mean is great when your data is fairly balanced and you want every value to count equally.
Mean formula
Mean = (Sum of all values) ÷ (Number of values)
Example – test scores:
Scores: 85, 90, 78, 92, 88
Sum = 85 + 90 + 78 + 92 + 88 = 433
Count = 5
Mean = 433 ÷ 5 = 86.6
→ Your average test score is 86.6%.
The mean is used everywhere: from calculating grade averages to working out the typical monthly payment in a
Loan Calculator or Compound Interest Calculator.
Just remember that a single extreme value can drag the mean up or down.
2. Median: the value sitting in the middle
The median is the middle value once you sort your data from smallest to largest.
If you have an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle ones.
It’s especially useful when your data has outliers.
Steps to find the median:
1. Sort your numbers from smallest to largest.
2. If you have an odd count, take the middle value.
3. If you have an even count, average the two middle values.
Example – house prices:
Prices: $180k, $195k, $210k, $205k, $190k, $850k
Sorted: $180k, $190k, $195k, $205k, $210k, $850k
Median = (195k + 205k) ÷ 2 = $200k
→ The median gives a much more realistic “typical” price than the mean here.
That’s why you’ll often see median income or median house price quoted in news articles – it’s more robust when a few people earn or own far more than everyone else.
3. Mode: the value that keeps showing up
The mode is simply the value that appears most often. You can use it with numbers, but also with categories such as colours, shirt sizes or product variants.
Finding the mode:
• List the frequency of each value.
• The value with the highest frequency is the mode.
Example – shoe sizes sold in a week:
Sizes: 7, 8, 9, 8, 10, 8, 7, 8, 9, 8
Size 7 → 2 pairs
Size 8 → 5 pairs (mode)
Size 9 → 2 pairs
Size 10 → 1 pair
→ Size 8 is the most popular size to keep in stock.
In your own data, the mode is great for seeing which option people choose most often – for example the most common BMI category when using the BMI Calculator.
4. Range: how spread out your data really is
While the mean, median and mode tell you about the “center” of your data, the range tells you how wide it spreads from lowest to highest.
Range formula
Range = Maximum value − Minimum value
Example – daily temperatures (°C):
18, 21, 19, 24, 20, 22, 19
Min = 18, Max = 24
Range = 24 − 18 = 6°C
→ Temperatures only swing by about six degrees across the week.
A small range means your values are consistent, which is ideal for things like manufacturing or budgeting. A very large range suggests volatility and possible outliers.
Common mistakes when working with averages
- Forgetting to clean the data. Remove stray text like “kg” or “%” and keep only numbers before you paste.
- Not sorting before finding the median. Median always comes from a sorted list.
- Using the mean when your data has extreme values. In those cases, also check the median.
- Ignoring the range. Two datasets can have the same mean but very different spreads.
- Mixing units. Never combine centimetres with metres or kilograms with pounds in the same calculation.
When should you use each average?
Use the mean when…
You want every value to count equally, your data is fairly symmetrical, and you plan to do more statistics with the results – for example when analysing investment returns with our Auto Loan Calculator or Mortgage Calculator.
Use the median when…
Your data has outliers or is skewed – such as salaries, property prices or tests where a few people scored extremely high or low.
Use the mode when…
You care most about what happens most often: the most popular option, the most common error code or the most frequent rating.
Use the range when…
You want to quickly understand variability: how much your weight fluctuates across a month, or how wide your daily spending swings compared to your budget from the Budget Calculator.
Wrap-up: turn raw numbers into clear stories
Averages are simple ideas, but they unlock a lot of insight. Once you get comfortable with mean, median, mode and range,
you can look at almost any list of numbers and instantly understand what’s typical, what’s extreme and how stable things are.
Use the calculator at the top of this page whenever you need a quick check on grades, stats, finance data or personal tracking.
Paste your numbers, see all the key averages at once and export the results if you want to save them for later or share them with someone else.
And if you’re exploring more maths tools, don’t forget to visit our
Basic Calculator,
Area Calculator and
BMR Calculator for other everyday calculations.
🚀 Ready to try it?
Scroll back up, paste your data into the box and hit Calculate Statistics.
In a second you’ll know your mean, median, mode and range – no spreadsheet formulas required.