How Closing Costs Work (US) — What “Cash to Close” Really Means
Closing costs are the fees and prepaid items you pay to finalize a home purchase. They usually include lender fees, third-party services (like appraisal and title), government recording/transfer charges, and “prepaids” such as homeowners insurance and escrow reserves.
What’s Included in This Calculator
- Lender/loan costs: origination, underwriting/processing, appraisal, credit report.
- Title & government fees: title insurance estimate, settlement/escrow, recording and transfer taxes (editable).
- Prepaids: prepaid interest days, escrow reserves for taxes/insurance, optional HOA.
- Program fees: FHA / VA / USDA fee estimates (optional finance into the loan).
Related Calculators
- Loan Calculator – estimate monthly payment basics.
- APR Calculator – understand true borrowing cost.
- Percentage Calculator – down payment percent, fee % math, and quick checks.
Frequently Asked Questions
1) Are closing costs the same as the down payment?
No. Down payment is part of the purchase price you pay upfront. Closing costs are additional fees and prepaids.
2) Why do “prepaids” make cash-to-close higher?
Prepaids fund items like homeowners insurance and escrow reserves so your lender can pay bills on time after closing.
3) Do transfer taxes vary by state?
Yes — and sometimes by county/city too. That’s why this calculator keeps transfer tax editable.
4) What’s “prepaid interest”?
It’s interest from the closing date up to the start of your first mortgage payment period (varies by timing).
5) Can seller credits reduce cash to close?
Yes. Credits (and lender credits) can offset closing costs, but rules may limit how much credit you can use.